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Updated: June 20, 2025
As for Ashur-mukinpalea, about whom the king, our lord, has sent to us, may Ashur, Bel, Nabu, Sin, Shamash, and Ramman bless him. Conditions are favorable for the journey. The second day is favorable, the fourth day very favorable.
It is again in the inscriptions of Gudea that we come across the first mention of this ship. This ruler tells us that he built the 'beloved ship' for Nin-girsu, and gave it the name Kar-nuna-ta-uddua, the ship of 'the one that rises up out of the dam of the deep. The ship of Nabu is of considerable size, and is fitted out with a captain and crew, has masts and compartments.
In the inscription in which Hammurabi recounts the building of E-Zida in Borsippa, there are certain expressions which go to substantiate the proposition that Nabu is intentionally ignored. He calls Marduk the lord of E-Sagila and of E-Zida; he speaks of Borsippa as the beloved city of Marduk, just as though it were Babylon.
The factors here involved are not clear, nor do we know why the tenth month is sacred to Papsukal perhaps here used as an epithet of Nabu to Anu, and to Ishtar.
Again, the appearance of the new moon was anxiously looked for each month, and the king is informed whether or not it was seen on the 29th or 30th day of the month. A watch we kept On the twenty-ninth day, The moon we saw. May Nabu and Marduk Be gracious to the king, my lord. From Nabuâ of the city of Ashur.
Such deities as Marduk, Ea, Nabu, Shamash, or Ashur, who acted, each in his way, as protectors of mankind, could find no place in this pantheon; but a god like Nergal, who symbolized the midday sun, and the sun of the summer solstice that brought misery and fever to the inhabitants of the Euphrates Valley; Nergal, who became the god of violent destruction in general, and, more particularly, the god of war, the god whose emblem was the lion, who was cruel and of forbidding aspect, such a god was admirably adapted to rule those who could only look forward to a miserable imprisonment in a region filled with horror.
Nebuchadnezzar is obliged to rebuild parts of E-Babbara, and the last king of Babylonia, Nabonnedos, is so active in his building operations at Sippar that he arouses the anger of the priests of Babylon, who feel that their ruler is neglecting the sanctuaries of Marduk and Nabu.
When one day, a Persian conqueror Cyrus entered the precincts of E-Sagila, his first step was to acknowledge Marduk and Nabu as the supreme powers in the world; and the successors of Alexander continue to glory in the title 'adorner of E-Sagila and E-Zida. With the same zeal that distinguishes a good Babylonian, Antiochus Soter hastens to connect his reign with the two temples by busying himself with their enlargement and beautification.
Hardly the latter, for Nusku is a solar deity, whereas, as we have tried to show, Nabu is originally a water-deity. But however we may choose to account for it, the prominence of Nusku is obscured by Nabu.
The two phases of the ideogram used in his name the sceptre and the stylus are thus united in the personage of Nusku precisely as in Nabu. On the other hand, the manner in which Ashurbanabal speaks of him reflects the mythological aspect of Nusku. In the religious literature Nusku is the messenger of Bel-Marduk, who conveys the message of the latter to Ea.
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