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Updated: June 29, 2025


The discoveries of Darwin and the philosophies of Mill or Hegel do not mark a greater relative advance than the discoveries of Newton and the philosophies of Descartes and Locke. These latter certainly had an effect upon theology.

History has been progressive, but no path is left open for further advance. Hegel views this conclusion of development with perfect complacency. To most minds that are not intoxicated with the Absolute it will seem that, if the present is the final state to which the evolution of Spirit has conducted, the result is singularly inadequate to the gigantic process. But his system is eminently inhuman.

The nature of rationality and the nature of reality are, for Hegel, one and the same spiritual process, the organic process of triumphing over and conquering conflicts and contradictions.

Aux petits des oiseaux Dieu donne la pature, Mais sa bonte s'arrkete a la litterature, we must believe, with Ibsen's enemies, that his fortunes were not under the divine protection. The actual numbers of each of his works printed since he first published with Hegel in Copenhagen a connection which he preserved without a breach until the end have been stated since his death.

Yet even art does not fully satisfy the deepest need of the soul. The soul wants to contemplate truth in its inmost consciousness. Religion is placed above the dominion of art. First, as to idea of the beautiful, Hegel begins by giving its characteristics. It is infinite, and it is free; the contemplation of the beautiful suffices to itself, it awakens no desire.

Schopenhauer is probably here making one of his most virulent attacks upon Hegel; in this case on account of what he thought to be the philosopher's abject servility to the government of his day.

The philosophy which abolished this, whether we consider Locke and Hume the realists, or Kant and Hegel the idealists, is philosophy of intellect; absolute reason has taken the place of an absolute God, criticism and dialectics the place of ontology and theocracy.

Different though Vico was in his point of departure as in his methods from the German idealists, his speculations nevertheless had something in common with theirs. Both alike explained history by the nature of mind which necessarily determined the stages of the process; Vico as little as Fichte or Hegel took eudaemonic considerations into account.

A few specimens of this mode of thinking may be added in confirmation of these statements. Hegel seeks unity in every thing and every where. This unity he discovers in the identity of existence and thought, in the one substance which exists and thinks, in God who manifests and develops himself in many forms. "The Absolute produces all and absorbs all; it is the essence of all things.

On the right, a series of philosophers e.g., adherents of Hegel, Herbart, and Schopenhauer who, without making any concessions to the modern theory of knowledge, hold fast to the possibility of a speculative metaphysics of the old type. The most important of these maxims are the principles of real identity, of the continuity of existence, of causality, and of the continuity of becoming.

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