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Updated: June 28, 2025
This mantle sometimes soft like jelly, sometimes as tough as leather, and sometimes as stiff as cartilage has a number of peculiarities. The most remarkable of them is that it consists of a woody matter, cellulose the same vegetal substance that forms the stiff envelopes of the plant-cells, the substance of the wood.
It is a simple averment that the animating principle of life is in the earth; that the germs of all living things, vegetal and animal alike, are implanted therein, and that they make their appearance, in obedience to the divine command, whenever and wherever the necessary environing conditions occur.
Different chemical solutions give rise to different morphological cells, as differently constituted soils produce different vegetal growths. Change the chemical conditions in any solution or infusion, and you change the entire morphological character of the infusoria appearing therein.
In its vegetal aspect, also, as we saw, the modern landscape was determined by the Pleistocene revolution. A great scythe slowly passed over the land. When the ice and snow had ended, and the trees and flowers, crowded in the southern area, slowly spread once more over the virgin soil, it was only the temperate species that could pass the zone guarded by the Alps and the Pyrenees.
The vegetal, or vegetable, kingdom, consists of the great mass of flowering plants, many of which, however, have such inconspicuous flowers that they are mistakenly regarded as flowerless, as is often the case with the grasses, the pines, and the yews.
In the desperate struggle for existence no peculiarity, physical or psychical, however slight, has been too insignificant for natural selection to seize and enhance; and the myriad fantastic forms and hues of animal and vegetal life illustrate the seeming capriciousness of its workings.
The vegetal entoderm that lined their simple gut-cavity served for nutrition; the ciliated ectoderm that formed the external skin attended to locomotion and sensation; finally, the two primitive mesodermic cells, that lay to the right and left at the ventral border of the primitive mouth, were sexual cells, and effected reproduction.
First, at least three earthy salts-the sulphates of lime, alumina, and potassa. All these exist uncombined in the gum, and free to work their will on the mucous tissues. A green extractive matter, which comes in all vegetal bodies developed under sunlight, next deserves a place by itself, because it is one of the few organic bodies of which no rational analysis has ever been pretended.
Darwin, that the law of vital polarity or "heredity," as he calls it, may come in and play its part towards effecting evolution, or variability, in both animal and vegetal organisms, but not before.
Moisture . . . . 78.89 14.67 1.30 2.74 Volatile matter . 13.84 37.32 20.87 4.25 Fixed carbon . . 6.49 41.07 67.20 81.51 Ash . . . . . . . 0.78 6.69 8.80 10.87 The vegetable remains associated with coal are those of land plants. Coal accumulated in the presence of water; for it is only when thus protected from the air that vegetal matter is preserved.
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