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Updated: June 28, 2025
Why need he quarrel with an account of knowledge that insists on naming this effect? Why not treat the working of the idea from next to next as the essence of its self-transcendency? Why insist that knowing is a static relation out of time when it practically seems so much a function of our active life? For a thing to be valid, says Lotze, is the same as to make itself valid.
How often afterward, returning in the evening from some entertainment, I have buried myself in the grammar and tried to write hieroglyphics. True, I strove still more frequently and persistently to follow the philosopher Lotze. Obedient to a powerful instinct, my untrained intellect had sought to read the souls of men.
Readers of 'Appearance and reality' will remember how Mr. Bradley suffers from a difficulty identical with that to which Lotze and Royce fall a prey how shall an influence influence? how shall a relation relate?
Unfortunately, I could not attend the lectures of Ernst Curtius, who had just been summoned to Gottingen, on account of the hours at which they were given. My wish to join Waitz's classes was also unfulfilled, but I went to those of the philosopher Lotze, and they opened a new world to me. I was also one of the most eager of Professor Unger's hearers.
The skeleton is internal, and this fact, as we have seen, gives the possibility of large size. And size is in itself no unimportant factor. Professor Lotze maintains that without man's size and strength, agriculture and the working of metals, and thus all civilization, would have been impossible.
Yet, of course, he was not able to discuss fundamental theological questions without philosophical basis, particularly an explicit theory of knowledge. His theory of knowledge he had derived eclectically and somewhat eccentrically, from Lotze and Kant. To this day not all, either of his friends or foes, are quite certain what it was.
I., Lotze wrote a long introductory article to the whole work, on “Life and Vital Force.” It was the challenge of the newer views to the previously vitalistic standpoint, and at the same time it was based on Lotze’s general principles and interspersed with philosophical criticism of the concepts of force, cause, effect, law, &c.
They have created the strict “machine theory,” and they may be grouped together as the “tectonists.” “A watch that has been stamped to pieces is no longer a watch.” Thus the merely material and chemical is not the essential part of the living; it is the tectonic, the machinery of structure that is essential. The fundamental idea in this position is precisely that of Lotze.
Suppose, Lotze says in effect, and for simplicity's sake I have to paraphrase him, for his own words are too long to quote many distinct beings a, b, c, etc., to exist independently of each other: can a in that case ever act on b? What is it to act? Is it not to exert an influence? Does the influence detach itself from a and find b?
All that is and happens is absolutely determined by its causes, and nothing, no causæ finales for instance, can co-operate with these causes in determining the result. But, as Lotze says, and as we have repeatedly pointed out, causal explanation does not exclude a consideration from the point of view of purpose, and the mechanical interpretation does not do so either.
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