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Updated: June 18, 2025
The deadly Echis carinata has on its sides some oblique rows of scales of a peculiar structure with serrated edges; and when this snake is excited these scales are rubbed against each other, which produces "a curious prolonged, almost hissing sound." Dr. Anderson, 'Proc. Zoolog. Hence he is satisfied that one of the uses of the rattle is to bring the sexes together.
In 1857 a tiger at Bromwich broke into the cage of a lion and a fearful scene ensued: "the lion's mane saved his neck and head from being much injured, but the tiger at last succeeded in ripping up his belly, and in a few minutes he was dead." 'The Times, Nov. 10, 1857. Dr. Murie, on Otaria, 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc. 1869, p. 109. Mr.
'Archives de Zoolog. Conspicuous colours are likewise beneficial to many animals as a warning to their would-be devourers that they are distasteful, or that they possess some special means of defence; but this subject will be discussed more conveniently hereafter.
Pennant has also collected information from the sealers on this animal. The fullest account is given by Mr. Brown, in 'Proc. Zoolog. With some animals, as with the notorious skunk of America, the overwhelming odour which they emit appears to serve exclusively as a defence. As with the castoreum of the beaver, see Mr. L.H. Morgan's most interesting work, 'The American Beaver, 1868, p. 300.
In the male Merganser the enlarged portion of the trachea is furnished with an additional pair of muscles. Prof. Newton, 'Proc. Zoolog. In the male of the black stork there is also a well-marked sexual difference in the length and curvature of the bronchi. 'Elements of Comparative Anatomy, by R. Wagner, Eng. translat. 1845, p. 111.
For references on this subject see Landois, 'Zeitschrift fur wissen. Zoolog. B. xvii. s. 131.
Wild horses and cattle do not, I believe, make any danger-signal; but the attitude of any one of them who first discovers an enemy, warns the others. Rabbits stamp loudly on the ground with their hind-feet as a signal: sheep and chamois do the same with their forefeet, uttering likewise a whistle. Mr. R. Brown in 'Proc. Zoolog.
I do not refer to strongly-marked deviations of structure, which occur only at long intervals of time, but to mere individual differences. Messrs. Zoolog.
Most deer, cattle, and sheep are polygamous; as are most antelopes, though some are monogamous. Sir Andrew Smith, in speaking of the antelopes of South Africa, says that in herds of about a dozen there was rarely more than one mature male. Pallas, 'Spicilegia Zoolog., Fasc. xii. 1777, p. 29.
We should bear in mind that horns are always transmitted through the female, and that she has a latent capacity for their development, as we see in old or diseased females. Isidore Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 'Essais de Zoolog. Generale, 1841, p. 513. Other masculine characters, besides the horns, are sometimes similarly transferred to the female; thus Mr. On the Cervulus, Dr.
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