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Updated: May 9, 2025
The dominant people of California have been successively aborigines, conquistadores, monks, the dreamy, romantic, unenergetic peoples of Spain, the roaring melange of Forty-nine, and finally the modern citizens, who are so distinctive that they bid fair to become a subspecies of their own. This modern society has, in its evolution, something unique.
These last prove to be constant in pedigree-cultures, and therefore are to be considered as really existent units. They are very numerous, comprising many dozens in each of the two larger subdivisions. All systematic grouping of these forms, and their combination into subspecies and species rests on the comparative study of their characters.
Summing up the results of this very hasty survey, we may assert that species remain unchanged for indefinite periods, while at times they are in the alternative condition. Then at once they produce new forms often in large numbers, giving rise to swarms of subspecies. All facts point to the conclusion that these periods of stability and mutability alternate more or less regularly with one another.
I suggest the question to those whose business it is to be learned in such matters. Mr. Ridgway, in his Manual of North American Birds , had already described a subspecies of Florida redwings under the name of Agelaius phoeniceus bryanti. The tall grass about the borders of the island was alive with clapper rails.
As we have found that spiritualism in general breaks into a more intimate and a less intimate species, so the more intimate species itself breaks into two subspecies, of which the one is more monistic, the other more pluralistic in form. I say in form, for our vocabulary gets unmanageable if we don't distinguish between form and substance here.
Of course, there are a number of subspecies or varieties.
Morphological or comparative studies need a material standard, by which it may be readily decided whether certain groups of animals and plants are to be described or de-nominated as species, as subspecies or as varieties. To get at the inner nature of the differences is in most cases impossible, but a decision must be made.
The conviction of the common origin of closely allied forms necessarily leads to the conception of a similar descent even in remote relationships. The origin of subspecies and varieties as found in nature was not proved, but only generally recognized as evident. A broader knowledge has brought about the same state of opinion for greater groups of relationships.
Even three-angled pollen grains are seen sometimes. Other marks are observed in the form of the anthers and the spur. There seem to be very many local subspecies of the field-pansy. Jordan has described some from the vicinity of Lyons, and Wittrock others from the northern parts of Europe.
There are a large number of cultivated varieties of different species which by some peculiarity do not seem adapted for the conditions of life in the wild state. These last have often been used to prove the origin of varietal forms during culture. One of the oldest instances is the variety or rather subspecies of the opium-poppy, which lacks the ability to burst open its capsules.
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