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Updated: June 7, 2025
John Vallance, also born in Scotland, died in Philadelphia in 1823, was one of the founders of the Association of Artists in America, and Treasurer of the Society of Artists in Philadelphia in 1810. Among his best works are Cole's series "The Voyage of Life," and Bierstadt's "Rocky Mountains." Dr. John Geikie Wellstood, born in Edinburgh in 1813, was another eminent engraver.
The wall of Antonine, therefore, yields no evidence in favour of the land having remained stationary since the time of the Romans, but on the contrary, appears to indicate that since its erection the land has actually risen. Recent explorations by Mr. Geikie and Dr. Young, of the sites of the old Roman harbours along the southern margin of the Firth of Forth, lead to similar inferences.
Sir A. Geikie has connected as a line of volcanic vents those of Sicily, Italy, Central France, the N. E. of Ireland, the Inner Hebrides and Iceland, of which the central vents are extinct or dormant, the extremities active. Oceanic Islands.
And the evenings of one week with Geikie or Dana will tell us by what furnaces of fire the granite was melted, by what teeth of glaciers and weight of sea-waves the earth's surface was smoothed for the plow and the trowel.
We have, however, recently learned from the observations of Ramsay, in the van of many excellent observers of Jukes, Geikie, Croll and others, that subaerial degradation is a much more important agency than coast-action, or the power of the waves.
Sciences, vol. i. . Geikie, Geological Sketches at Home and Abroad, p. 271 . Prestwich, Geology, vol. i. p. 370, quoting from Richthofen. The origin of geysers is variously explained; see Prestwich, Geology, vol. i. p. 170. They are probably due to heated waters suddenly converted into steam by contact with rock at a high temperature.
It would, however, occupy too much space to give the reasons which led him to this conclusion. Though we cannot gather it from his own letters, a good deal of his time was more profitably spent than in hunting up old sites. Dr. Cunningham Geikie, who was in Jerusalem when Gordon was killed at Khartoum, tells us:
The newer crystalline series, comprising the crystalline rocks of Aberdeenshire, Perthshire, and Forfarshire, were inferred by Sir R. Murchison to be altered Silurian strata; and his opinion has been since confirmed by the observations of three able geologists, Messrs. Ramsay, Harkness, and Geikie.
And that's where we're pulling some Peter the Great stuff," he tried to laugh. "We won't let her do it!" And so they went on, day after day, toward the Wollaston waterways the country of Yellow Bird and her people. It was early September when they crossed the Geikie and struck up the western shore of Wollaston Lake.
We reached the island from which we had obtained our store of fuel about half-past six and camped here for the night, having spent only five days in Sitadaka, sailing round it, visiting and sketching all the six glaciers excepting the largest, though I landed only on three of them, the Geikie, Hugh Miller, and Grand Pacific, the freezing of the fiords in front of the others rendering them inaccessible at this late season.
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