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Updated: May 9, 2025
"I produce myself among creatures, O son of Bharata, whenever there is a decline of Virtue and an insurrection of vice and injustice in the world: and thus I incarnate from age to age for the preservation of the just, the destruction of the wicked, and the establishment of righteousness." Bhagavad-Gita "The world had fallen into decay, and right principles had perished.
First among these may be mentioned the "Bhagavad-Gita," or the Divine Song, containing the revelation of Krishna, in the form of a dialogue between the god and his pupil Arjuna. Schlegel calls this episode the most beautiful, and perhaps the most truly philosophical, poem that the whole range of literature has produced.
Thus, the real object of retirement is lost, and the sacrifice again becomes in the nature of a "bargain." In the Bhagavad-Gita, we find these words: "Renunciation and yoga by action both lead to the highest bliss; of the two, yoga by action is verily better than renunciation of action.
More often the metaphysician writes a commentary on it and boldly proves that it supports his views, though its apparent meaning may be hostile. It is clear that many philosophic commentaries have been written not because the authors really drew their inspiration from the Upanishads or Bhagavad-gîtâ but because they dared not neglect such important texts.
It is this dialogue which constitutes the Holy Song, known as the Bhagavad-Gita, or Krishna Song, the Krishna of this philosophic poem being, of course, the eighth avatara; or incarnation, of Vishnu. The remaining books of the Mahabharata recount the subsequent incidents of the war, which, in all, lasted for eighteen days.
This later sectarian literature falls into several divisions. A. Certain episodes of the Mahâbhârata. The most celebrated of these is the Bhagavad-gîtâ, which is probably anterior to the Christian era. Though it is incorporated in the Epic it is frequently spoken of as an independent work.
It is hinted at in the Bhagavad-Gita: "whatsoever is practised by the most excellent men"; again, it is the Aryan doctrine of the Guruparampara Chain. The whole idea is so remote from modern practice and theory that it must seem to the west utopian, even absurd; but we have Asoka's reign in India, and Confucius's Ministry in Lu, to prove its basic truth.
Arguments like this were not condemned by the Brahmans so strongly as we should expect, but they did not like them and though they did not excommunicate the Sâṅkhya in the same way as Buddhism, they greatly preferred a theistic variety of it called Yoga. The Yoga and Sâṅkhya are mentioned together in the Śvetâśvatara Upanishad, and the Bhagavad-gîtâ says that he sees truly who sees them as one.
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