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Updated: June 7, 2025
Other fine waterfalls are found on different rivers. Here, too, the ant-eater reaches an enormous size. The capybara is also found. It is obliged to triturate its food grass, and herbaceous plants for a long time, in consequence of the contracted size of the oesophagus, which will hardly admit a goose-quill, although the animal is sometimes so large that it weighs more than two hundred pounds.
There are a thousand instances of involuntary motions associated in this manner; as in the act of vomiting, while the motions of the stomach and oesophagus are inverted, the pulsations of the arterial system by a certain sympathy become weaker; and when the bowels or kidneys are stimulated by poison, a stone, or inflammation, into more violent action; the stomach and oesophagus by sympathy invert their motions.
The lining of the mouth and oesophagus is not well adapted for absorption. That this does occur is shown by the fact that certain poisonous chemicals, like cyanide of potash, if kept in the mouth for a few moments will cause death.
With the first she appeals to man's conceit, with the second to his heart, which is suspected to lie at the end of the oesophagus, rather than over among lungs and ribs, and with the third to his natural rivalry of his fellows. But the pleasures of the chase grow beautifully less when age brings rheumatism and kindred ills. Besides, may she not always be a chaperone?
The upper surface of the tongue is the principal agent in tasting, though the lips, the palate, and the internal surface of the cheeks participate in this function, as does the upper part of the oesophagus. The multitude of points called papillæ, scattered over the upper surface of the tongue, constitute the more immediate seat of this sense.
The horns of calves a few weeks of age may be removed with a sharp knife or calf dehorner. CHOKING. This is a common accident in cattle and horses. The object that causes the choke may be lodged in the pharynx or oesophagus. Certain individuals are more prone to choke while feeding than others.
The throat is a double highway, as it were, through which the air we breathe traverses the larynx on its way to the lungs, and through which the food we swallow reaches the oesophagus on its passage to the stomach. It is, therefore, a very important region of the body, being concerned in the great acts of respiration and digestion.
The tongue gathers it up and forces it backwards between the pillars of the fauces into the pharynx. There is only one pathway for the food to travel, and that is down the oesophagus. The slow descent of the food may be seen if a horse or dog be watched while swallowing. Even liquids do not fall or flow down the food passage.
Hence, acrobats can drink while standing on their heads, or a horse with its mouth below the level of the oesophagus. The food is under the control of the will until it has entered the pharynx; all the later movements are involuntary. A View into the Back Part of the Adult Mouth. The Stomach. The stomach is the most dilated portion of the alimentary canal and the principal organ of digestion.
With his neck-feathers erect, his wings lowered, and buzzing on the ground, and his long pointed tail spread out like a fan, he displays a variety of grotesque attitudes. The oesophagus of the female is not in any way remarkable. Richardson, 'Fauna Bor. American: Birds, 1831, p. 359. The following papers have been lately written on this subject: Prof. A. Newton, in the 'Ibis, 1862, p. 107; Dr.
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