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John Penry claimed that the people had a right to discuss publicly the questions that vitally affected them. The history of the past shows that the apostles were condemned, the life of the present shows that their ideas lived. Industry and commerce became more free.

John Fisher Reginald Pole "Martin Marprelate" Udal Penry Hacket Coppinger Arthington Cartwright Cowell Leighton John Stubbs Peter Wentworth R. Doleman J. Hales Reboul William Prynne Burton Bastwick John Selden John Tutchin Delaune Samuel Johnson Algernon Sidney Edmund Richer John de Falkemberg Jean Lenoir Simon Linguet Abbe Caveirac Darigrand Pietro Sarpi Jerome Maggi Theodore Reinking.

Newhaven, 1, 2, 3, 4, 21. New Zealand, 62. Nightcap on skull, 18. Norse memorial, 102. North Cray, 41. Northolt, Middlesex, 71. Ogam inscriptions, 97, 100, 103. Old Romney, 17. Ornaments on gravestones, 3, 70, 71. Orpington, 38, 39. Padrington, 108. Paganism, 50, 67, 98, 102. Paris, burial reform, 57. Pennant, 85, 87. Penry, J., a Welshman, 53. Père la Chaise, 57. Petrie, Dr., 102.

Another, John Penry, a Welshman, was executed in 1593, and of him was written: "The Welshman is hanged Who at our kirke flanged And at her state banged, And brened are his buks. And though he be hanged Yet he is not wranged, The de'ul has him fanged In his kruked kluks." The still more objectionable plan of depositing coffins containing the dead in vaults under churches still lingers on.

In 1583 John Bennett came to North Wales; in 1595 Robert Jones came to Raglan; and several Welsh Jesuits suffered martyrdom. The other attempt was that of John Penry, who wished to appeal to the intellect of the people by means of the pulpit and the printing press.

Such was Robert Browne the founder, John Greenwood, Henry Barrowe, and John Penry; and such were the later leaders, William Brewster and John Robinson.

The actual controversy has been traced back to a defence of the establishment of the Church, by the Dean of Sarum, on the one hand, and a treatise by John Penry the Puritan, on the other, both published in 1587. In 1588 followed the violent Puritan libel, called "Martin Marprelate," secretly printed, and written, perhaps, by a lawyer named Barrow.

Those boldly at once wrote treason, and, in some respects, honestly dared the rope which could only silence Penry and his party; but these only reached to scandalum magnatum, and the puny wretches could only have crept into a pillory. In the times of the Commonwealth, when all things were agreeable which vilified our kings, these secret histories were dragged from their lurking holes.

In 1589 a proclamation was issued against them; several were taken and punished. Udal and Penry, who were the chief authors of these outrageous works, were executed.

The press was at last seized; and the suspected authors of these scurrilous libels, Penry, a young Welshman, and a minister named Udall, died, the one in prison, the other on the scaffold.