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In 1503, after a pontificate of eleven years, Alexander died. Rome rejoiced. Peace, which for a long time had been banished from her borders, returned, and she enjoyed for a few days unwonted freedom from alarm and trouble. Her happiness found expression in verse: "Dic unde, Alecto, pax haec effulsit, et unde Tam subito reticent proelia? Sextus obit."
Et terrorem statira intulit Petilius Cerialis, Brigantum civitatem, quae numerosissima provinciae totius perhibetur, aggressus. Multa proelia, et aliquando non incruenta magnamque Brigantum partem aut victoria amplexus est aut bello.
Vergil seems to protest in his very hero against the poetic compulsion that drags him to the battle-field. On the eve of his final triumph, Æneas "incusat voce Latinum; Testaturque deos iteram se ad proelia cogi."
"Here is the plan," says he, "on the table: hac ibat Simois, here ran the little river Nebel: hic est Sigeia tellus, here are Tallard's quarters, at the bowl of this pipe, at the attack of which Captain Esmond was present. I have the honor to introduce him to Mr. Boyle; and Mr. Esmond was but now depicting aliquo proelia mixta mero, when you came in."
Vergil's own words would imply that his early effort centered about Aeneas' wars in Italy; the sixth Eclogue, Cum canerem reges et proelia, is rather explicit on this point. It is, however, in reading the first and fifth books that I think we may profit most by keeping in mind the fact that the poet had begun the Aeneid before Caesar's death.
Tac. Si emineat. Comitatus is gen. Emineat, subj. pres. H. 504 et 509; Z. 524. Ceteris aspici. Quibus cui, sc. sit==who shall have, etc. Ipsa fama. Mere reputation or rumor without coming to arms. Profligant==ad finem perducunt. So Kiessling, Boetticher and Freund. Ritter makes it==propellunt, frighten away. Profligare bella, proelia, &c., is Tacitean.
"Cum Petri nihil efficiant ad proelia claves, Auxilio Pauli forsitan ensis erit." "Since the keys of Peter profit not for battle, perchance, with the aid of Paul, the sword will answer." Julius was the first of the Popes of recent times to allow his beard to grow, and Raphael's noble portrait of him shows what dignity it gave to his strongly marked face.
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