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Updated: May 19, 2025
I looked up, more annoyed than displeased or startled. It is not often one sees so fine a specimen of Anopheles; and one could have sworn that, but for my slight involuntary movement of the hand, he must have settled; after which crede experto! he would have been the same as in my phial, and doomed to the chloroform within the next hour.
So that, while a region might be simply swarming with ordinary mosquitoes, it would frequently be found that the only places which fulfilled all the requirements for breeding-homes for the Anopheles, that is, isolation from running water or larger streams, absence of fish, and persistence for at least three months continuously, would not exceed five or six to the square mile.
Malaria is transmitted in this way by the anopheles mosquito; typhus fever by lice, and plague by the rat flea. These are all diseases greatly to be dreaded in the army. The third group, including typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, cholera, and dysentery, all of which are intestinal diseases, is largely conveyed from the sick to the well indirectly through contaminated water and food.
The anopheles, small, grey and quietly persistent, carries the malaria that has laid our army low. Culex, larger and more noisy, trumpets his presence in the night watches: but the mischief he causes is in inverse ratio to the noise he makes.
Consequently when fighting was going on the hospitals were very busy but the laboratory routine greatly decreased except in hygienic work. We therefore undertook scientific investigations of various kinds to keep busy and be of the maximum use. At the suggestion of the D.M.S. of the army, Major Rankin made a survey of the army area for anopheles mosquitoes.
Whirligig beetles are said to be particularly destructive to Anopheles larvæ and many other insects such as water-boatmen, back-swimmers, etc., feed on the larvæ of various species. A few of these introduced into a breeding-jar with Anopheles larvæ will soon destroy all of them, even the very young bugs attacking larvæ much larger than themselves.
This has been done in many communities in Cuba and the southern part of the United States, and has resulted in completely stamping out the disease in those places. Malaria is caused by another mosquito, called the anopheles and while malaria is seldom fatal as is yellow fever, it causes much suffering and loss of time, and strong efforts should be made to prevent it.
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