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Updated: May 23, 2025
Protestantism was struck in the face, spat upon, defied. The effect was instantaneous. Thurn and the other defenders of the Protestant faith were as prompt in action as the Catholics had been in words. A few months passed away. The Emperor was in Vienna, but his ten stadholders were in Prague. The fateful 23rd of May 1618 arrived.
Protestantism was struck in the face, spat upon, defied. The effect was instantaneous. Thurn and the other defenders of the Protestant faith were as prompt in action as the Catholics had been in words. A few months passed away. The Emperor was in Vienna, but his ten stadholders were in Prague. The fateful 23rd of May 1618 arrived.
He had maintained that those mercenaries as well as the regular troops were bound in time of peace to be obedient and faithful, not only to the Generality and the stadholders, but to the magistrates of the cities and provinces where they were employed, and to the states by whom they were paid. He had sent to Leyden, warning the authorities of the approach of the Prince.
In case of difficulty in coming to a unanimous vote when required, the matter was to be referred to the stadholders then in office. In case cf their inability to agree, they were to appoint arbitrators, by whose decision the parties were to be governed.
Slawata, a Bohemian Protestant, who had converted himself to the Roman Church in order to marry a rich widow, and who converted his peasants by hunting them to mass with his hounds, and Martinitz, the two stadholders who at Ferdinand's coronation had endeavoured to prevent him from including the Majesty-Letter among the privileges he was swearing to support, and who were considered the real authors of the royal letters revoking all religious rights of Protestants, were the most obnoxious of all.
A lugubrious spectacle, but less painful certainly than the hangings and drownings and burnings alive in the previous century to prevent secession from the indivisible church. It is certain that stadholders and all other magistrates ever since the establishment of independence were sworn to maintain the Reformed religion and to prevent a public divine worship under any other form.
All these stadholders were commanders-in-chief of the military forces in their respective provinces. With the single exception of Count Egmont, in whose province of Flanders the stadholders were excluded from the administration of justice, all were likewise supreme judges in the civil and criminal tribunal.
Secret negotiations for peace Two fresh armies assembled, but inactive Negotiations at Cercamp Death of Mary Tudor Treaty of Cateau Cambresis Death of Henry II. Policy of Catharine de Medici Revelations by Henry II. to the Prince of Orange Funeral of Charles V. in Brussels Universal joy in the Netherlands at the restoration of peace Organization of the government by Philip, and preparations for his departure Appointment of Margaret of Parma as Regent of the Netherlands Three councils The consulta The stadholders of the different provinces Dissatisfaction caused by the foreign troops Assembly of the Estates at Ghent to receive the parting instructions and farewell of the King Speech of the Bishop of Arras Request for three millions Fierce denunciation of heresy on the part of Philip Strenuous enforcement of the edicts commanded Reply by the States of Arthois Unexpected conditions Rage of the King Similar conduct on the part of the other provinces Remonstrance in the name of States General against the foreign soldiery Formal reply on the part of the crown Departure of the King from the Netherlands Autos da fe in Spain.
The lesser municipal courts, in which city-senators presided, were subordinate to the supreme court of Holland, whose officers were appointed by the stadholders and council; the supplies were in the hands of the States-Provincial, and the supreme administrative authority was confided to a stadholder appointed by the states.
Thus reasoned the superficial public, as if the throwing out of window of twenty stadholders could have created a general war in Europe had not the causes of war lain deep and deadly in the whole framework of society.
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