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Updated: September 14, 2025
Colonel Arguelles has told me exactly the same story. For a time it seemed as if the views expressed by him might prevail. "According to Felipe Buencamino and some others, the majority of the members of congress had been in favour of absolute independence until they saw the demoralization of the officers and soldiers which resulted in the American occupation of Malolos.
"I therefore in the name of all the Filipinos very gladly offer to the powerful Sultan of Jolo and to all brothers who acknowledge his great authority, the highest assurance of friendship, consideration and esteem. "Malolos, January 18, 1899." From an official document on file at Manila.
"Absolute master of all Luzon outside Manila at this time, with complete machinery of government in each province for all matters of justice, taxes, and police, an army of some 30,000 men at his beck, and his whole people a unit at his back, Aguinaldo formally inaugurated his permanent government permanent as opposed to the previous provisional government with a Constitution, Congress, and Cabinet, patterned after our own, just as the South American republics had done before him when they were freed from Spain, at Malolos, the new capital."
The rule of Governor Penñarubia had so embittered the Tinguian against the "white man" that a considerable number joined the insurrecto troops to fight against the Spaniards and Americans. These warriors, armed with spears, shields, and head-axes, made their way to Malolos, where they joined the Filipino troops the day of the first American bombardment.
Going down the other side the driver led the ponies for about a quarter of a mile, and then joined us in the kreta. That downward trip was the most perilous we ever made in anything that runs on wheels, except a train journey from Manila to Malolos during the Filipino insurrection in 1899.
"Santa Ana taken by Americans burning town our troops advancing to Rosario and Escolta Americans request parley account death General and officers and many soldiers. "At 3 P.M. of the 14th battle at Santolan 500 American prisoners who are to be taken to Malolos. "At 9.45 P.M. Commissioner Laguna details 6000 more Americans dead and 600 prisoners.
In October of 1898, while the Philippine government was established in Malolos, and before congress had promulgated a Philippine constitution, Messrs. Arellano and Pardo still more earnestly advocated union with America, the first as secretary of foreign affairs and the latter as chief diplomat.
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