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Updated: May 6, 2025
Preparations of the Duke against Count Louis Precarious situation of Louis in Friesland Timidity of the inhabitants Alva in Friesland Skirmishing near Groningen Retreat of the patriots Error committed by Louis His position at Jemmingen Mutinous demonstrations of his troops Louis partially restores order Attempt to destroy the dykes interrupted by the arrival of Alva's forces Artful strategy of the Duke Defeat of Count Louis and utter destruction of his army Outrages committed by the Spaniards Alva at Utrecht Execution of Vrow van Diemen Episode of Don Carlos Fables concerning him and Queen Isabella Mystery, concerning his death Secret letters of Philip to the Pope The one containing the truth of the transaction still concealed in the Vatican Case against Philip as related by Mathieu, De Thou, and others Testimony in the King's favor by the nuncio, the Venetian envoy, and others Doubtful state of the question Anecdotes concerning Don Carlos His character.
The left banks of this river were occupied by the Belgians: this tract of land now comprises the catholic Netherlands, and the territory of the United States; the right bank of the Rhine was then filled by the Frisians, and now comprises the modern Gröningen, east and west Friesland, a part of Holland, Gueldres, Utrecht, and Overyssell: the Batavians inhabited the island which derives its name from them; it now comprises the upper part of Holland, Utrecht, Gueldres, and Overyssell, the modern Cléves between the Lech and the Waal.
That important bulwark of Holland, Zealand, and Utrecht on the one side, and of Groningen and Friesland on the other the main buttress, in short, of the nascent republic, was now in hands which would defend it to the last.
While Philip's world-empire seemed in one direction to be so rapidly fading into cloudland there were substantial possessions of the Spanish crown which had been neglected in Brabant and Friesland. Two very important cities still held for the King of Spain within the territories of what could now be fairly considered the United Dutch Republic St. Gertruydenberg and Groningen.
The districts were those of Hunsingoo, Fivelingoo and the West-Quarter. Here also the stadholder had a casting vote. In Overyssel the Estates, like those of Groningen, consisted of two members, the nobles from the three quarters, Sallant, Twente and Vollenhove, and the deputies of the three towns, Deventer, Kampen and Zwolle.
Further achievements on the part of Maurice after the fall of Groningen were therefore renounced for that year, and his troops went into garrison and winter- quarters.
Outside the line Nijmwegen, Grave, Coevorden, Steenwijk and other smaller places had fallen; but the Münster-Cologne forces, after a siege lasting from July 9 to August 28, had to retire from Groningen.
Lieutenant-governor Groesbeck wrote urgently to the Duke, that the beggars were hourly increasing in force; that the leaders perfectly understood their game; that they kept their plans a secret, but were fast seducing the heart of the country. On the 4th May, Louis issued a summons to the magistracy of Groningen, ordering them to send a deputation to confer with him at Dam.
More than all, there were half a dozen Jesuits within the town, and to those ablest of generals in times of civil war it was mainly owing that the siege of Groningen was protracted longer than under other circumstances would have been possible. It is not my purpose to describe in detail the scientific operations during the sixty-five days between the 20th May and the 24th July.
Lieutenant-governor Groesbeck wrote urgently to the Duke, that the beggars were hourly increasing in force; that the leaders perfectly understood their game; that they kept their plans a secret, but were fast seducing the heart of the country. On the 4th May, Louis issued a summons to the magistracy of Groningen, ordering them to send a deputation to confer with him at Dam.
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