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Updated: May 29, 2025
To the north, in the direction of Mare Frigoris, extends Mare Imbrium, the Sea of Rains, its central point in 35° north and 20° east. It is somewhat circular in shape, and it covers a space of about 300 thousand square miles.
These were, towards the north, the Mare Frigoris, in north latitude 55° and longitude 0°, with 76,000 square leagues of surface, which joined the Lake of Death and Lake of Dreams; the Sea of Serenity, Mare Serenitatis, by north latitude 25° and west longitude 20°, comprising a surface of 80,000 square leagues; the Sea of Crises, Mare Crisium, round and very compact, in north latitude 17° and west longitude 55°, a surface of 40,000 square leagues, a veritable Caspian buried in a girdle of mountains.
It is consequently only traceable under very oblique illumination. THE GREAT ALPINE VALLEY. A great wedge-shaped depression, cutting through the Alps W. of Plato, from W.N.W. to E.S.E. It is more than 80 miles in length, and varies in breadth from 6 miles on the S. to less than 4 miles on the N., where it approaches the S. border of the Mare Frigoris.
FONTINELLE. A fine ring-plain, 23 miles in diameter, on the N. margin of the Mare Frigoris, N.N.E. of Plato, with a wall rising on the E., 6000 feet above a bright interior. I find its border indistinct and nebulous, excepting under very oblique light, though three of the little craters upon it are bright and prominent.
For example, the Mare Imbrium and the Mare Frigoris appear under certain conditions to be of a dirty yellow-green hue, the central parts of the Mare Humorum dusky green, and part of the Mare Serenitatis and the Mare Crisium light green, while the Palus Somnii has been noted a golden-brown yellow.
On the edge of the Mare Frigoris, N.W. of Condamine, are many little craters with bright rims and a distinct short cleft, running parallel to the coast-line. The winding valleys in the region bordering the Sinus Iridum, and other curious details, render this portion of the moon's surface almost unique. BOUGUER. A bright regular little ring-plain, about 8 miles in diameter, N. of Bianchini.
ARCHYTAS. A bright ring-plain, 21 miles in diameter, on the edge of the Mare Frigoris, due N. of the Alpine Valley, with regular walls rising about 5000 feet above the interior on the N.W., and about 4000 feet on the opposite side. It has a very bright central mountain.
Schmidt shows a double hill, nearly central, and Neison a crater on the S.W. wall. BIRMINGHAM. A large rhomboidal-shaped enclosure, defined by mountain chains and traversed by a number of very remarkable parallel ridges. It is situated nearly due N. of Plato on the N. edge of the Mare Frigoris, and lies on the S.E. side of W.C. Bond, to which it bears a certain resemblance.
It suggests the idea that it represents the ruin of a once imposing enclosure, of which the conspicuous mountain Pico formed a part. TIMAEUS. A very bright ring-plain, 22 miles in diameter, with walls about 4500 feet in height, on the coast-line of the Mare Frigoris, and associated with the E. side of the great enclosed plain W.C. Bond.
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