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Updated: April 30, 2025
Vertical section, dividing the embryo, a, caulicle: b, cotyledon; c, plumule. 3. Monocotyledons. These are more difficult. Perhaps it is not worth while to attempt to make the pupils see the embryo in Wheat and Oats. But the embryo of Indian Corn is larger and can be easily examined after long soaking. Removing the seed-covering, we find the greater part of the seed to be albumen.
After this preliminary work has been done, the names of the parts can be given to the pupils. They may be written under each drawing thus, A=Caulicle; B=Cotyledons; C=Roots; D=Plumule. The whole plantlet in the seed is the embryo or germ, whence the sprouting of seeds is called germination. Dr.
It is because there is so much food stored in the first two that the plumule can develop before a root is formed, while in the others there is only nourishment sufficient to enable the plantlet to form its roots. These must make the second leaves by their own labor. Comparison with other Dicotyledons. The pupils should now have other seeds to compare with these four.
The same fact holds good with flowering plants, of which the two main divisions have been founded on characters derived from the embryo, on the number and position of the embryonic leaves or cotyledons, and on the mode of development of the plumule and radicle.
Upward, the white plumule hardens into what will be a stem; the one white cotyledon which sheaths it develops into a flat, ribbed, forked, green leaf, sheathing it still; and above it fresh leaves, sheathing always at their bases, begin to form a tiny crown; and assume each, more and more, the pinnate form of the usual coco-leaf.
But long ere this, from the butt of the white plumule, just outside the nut, white threads of root have struck down into the sand; and so the nut lies, chained to the ground by a bridge-like chord, which drains its albumen, through the monkey's eye, into the young plant.
How marvellous it is to look into the seeds of time yes, and these may be small as mustard seeds which are the smallest of all seeds and see the bursting of the husks, the peering out of the plumule, the feeding of the sprout, the struggle through the clods, the fight with frost and hail and broiling sun, and canker worm and blight, the growth of the strengthening stem, and then the leaf and blossoms and fruit!
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