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Updated: May 4, 2025
a, Extensor carpi radialis; g, brachialis; g', anterior superficial pectoral; c, common digital extensor; e, ulnaris lateralis. The fascia and the ulnar head of the flexor carpi ulnaris have been removed. 1, Distal end of humerus; 2, median vessels and nerve. Motion is that of flexion and extension; slight rotation is possible when the position is that of flexion.
Objections might also be raised to the above method on account of the pain which it may produce; but the flexion never needs to be so forced as to be unendurable to the patient; the position may be a little uncomfortable to a very sensitive person, that is all.
It relieves the gastrocnemius of muscular strain during weight bearing. Smith styles the function of the stifle and hock joints a reciprocating action, and we quote from this authority the following: From what has been said, it is evident that flexion and extension of stifle and hock are identical in their action.
The condition is generally more noticeable when the subject is made to step backward. In some animals there is marked abduction at the time flexion occurs and in singular instances the spasmodic contraction is so violent that the subject falls to the ground as a result of the peculiar flexion of the leg.
In a paper on the surgical and mechanical treatment of such deformities Willard mentions a boy of fourteen, the victim of infantile paralysis, who at the age of eleven had never walked, but dragged his legs along. His legs were greatly twisted, and there was flexion at right angles at the hips and knees. There was equinovarus in the left foot and equinovalgus in the right.
Outward luxation of the patella is occasioned by a lax condition of the internal femeropatellar ligament or a rupture of the same so that the patella slips over the outer femoral trochlear rim and permits of an abnormal flexion of the stifle joint. The outer trochlear rim being the smaller of the two, inward luxation does not occur in the horse.
The power of grasping was partly developed from and partly added to the old locomotor function of the fore limbs; the jerky aimless automatisms, as well as the slow rhythmic flexion and extension of the fingers and hand, movements which are perhaps survivals of arboreal or of even earlier aquatic life, are cooerdinated; and the bilateral and simultaneous rhythmic movements of the heavier muscles are supplemented by the more finely adjusted and specialized activities which as the end of the growth period is approached are determined less by heredity and more by environment.
If the exostosis is so situated that it does not mechanically interfere with function, and is not so large that it may inhibit flexion and extension, and where the articular portions of the joint are not eroded, good results attend the use of the actual cautery.
The parts are readily palpable and are found to be hot, supersensitive, and more or less infiltration of the tissues contiguous to the joint causes swelling. There is volar flexion of the phalanges when the subject is at rest. Lameness is intense; in some acute inflammatory disturbances the subject is unable to bear weight on the affected member.
While supporting weight the carpus is fixed in position by a slight dorsal flexion, but undue dorsal flexion is prevented by the flexor muscles and tendons and volar-carpal or annular ligament, together with the superior check ligament. Two common lateral ligaments bind the bones together.
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