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Sun-spots are generally found in the neighborhood of the sun's equator, and last from a few hours to a few months. The presence of these spots has enabled scientists to prove that the sun, like the earth, revolves on its axis. The last period of activity for sun-spots was in 1893, and, according to the eleven-year theory, there should be few, if any, at this time. Prof.
But quite lately Schuster has given reasons for admitting a number of co-existent periods, of which the eleven-year period was predominant in the nineteenth century. In 1851 Lament, a Scotchman at Munich, found a decennial period in the daily range of magnetic declination.
The idea that solar maculation depends in some way upon the position of the planets occurred to Galileo in 1612. It has been industriously sifted by a whole bevy of modern solar physicists. Wolf in 1859 found reason to believe that the eleven-year curve is determined by the action of Jupiter, modified by that of Saturn, and diversified by influences proceeding from the earth and Venus.
But the novelty of Carrington's observations consisted in the detection of certain changes in distribution concurrent with the progress of the eleven-year period.
Carrington was profoundly interested, and devoted his enforced leisure to the examination of records, both written and depicted, of past solar observations. Struck with their fragmentary and inconsistent character, he resolved to "appropriate," as he said, by "close and methodical research," the eleven-year period next ensuing.
But, for reasons which it would be tedious to go into at present, we may fairly regard this hypothesis as being completely disproved. There can, I conclude, be little doubt that the eleven-year cycle of change in the solar spots is due to a cycle going on in the sun itself. Such being the case, the corresponding change in the earth's magnetism must be due to the same cause.
The citadel itself was still being held by Andrea Doria the same who was afterwards to become so famous in Genoa; this, it was stated, was solely because Doria desired to make surrender to the duke himself. The Prefectress, Giovanna da Montefeltre, had already departed from the city, which she ruled as regent for her eleven-year old boy, and had gone by sea to Venice.
J. Halm that such fluctuations are, in some obscure way, affected by changes in solar activity, and conform like them to an eleven-year cycle.
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