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Updated: May 17, 2025
When braces are placed in front of the foot, great care is necessary in properly padding the member with cotton lest sloughing from pressure occurs at the coronet; but this does not apply in rupture of extensors so much as where flexors are ruptured.
Locate five muscles that act as flexors; five that act as extensors; two that act as adductors; and two as abductors. Locate sphincter and radiating muscles. By what means does the nervous system control the muscles? Give proofs of the change of potential into kinetic energy during muscular contraction. Define the essential properties of muscular tissue and state the purpose served by each.
The motor symptoms predominate, the muscles affected being the extensors of the wrist and fingers, and the supinators. If the hand and proximal phalanges are supported, the second and third phalanges may be partly extended by the interossei and lumbricals.
The same two classes of differences become obvious when the muscles of the hand are compared with those of the foot. Three principal sets of muscles, called "flexors," bend the fingers and thumb, as in clenching the fist, and three sets the extensors extend them, as in straightening the fingers.
The muscles which bend the limbs are called flexors while those which straighten them are known as extensors. After a bone has been moved by the contraction of a muscle, it is brought back to its position by the contraction of another muscle on the opposite side, the former muscle meanwhile being relaxed. Muscles thus acting in opposition to each other are called antagonistic.
Every motion in every part of the body has a special muscle to produce it, and many have other muscles to restore the part moved to its natural state. The muscles that move or bend any part are called flexors, and those that restore the natural position are called extensors.
In an athetoid hand, says Starr, the interossei and lumbricales, which flex the metacarpo-phalangeal and extend the phalangeal joints, are affected; rarely are the long extensors and the long flexors affected. Therefore the hand is usually in the so-called interosseal position, with flexion of the proximal and extension of the middle and distal phalanges.
He broke a rope of about two inches in circumference which was in part wound about a cylinder of four inches diameter, having fastened the other end of it to straps that went over his shoulders; but he exerted more force to do this than any other of his feats, from his awkwardness in going about it: as the rope yielded and stretched as he stood upon the cylinder, so that when the extensors of his legs and thighs had done their office in bringing the legs and thighs straight, he was forced to raise his heels from their bearings, and use other muscles that are weaker.
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