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Updated: June 16, 2025
The ashes of a leaf of an acacia have been known to contain as much as 72 per cent. of lime. Worms therefore would be liable to become charged with this earth, unless there were some special means for its excretion; and the calciferous glands are well adapted for this purpose.
In such cases, as much as in normal sexuality, the stimulation is clearly psychic. When, as is most commonly the case, it is the process of urination and not the urine itself which is attractive, we are clearly concerned with a symbolism of act and not with the fetichistic attraction of an excretion.
The bile is not wholly a digestive fluid, but it contains, also, materials which are separated from the blood to be cast out of the body before they work mischief. Thus, the liver ranks above all others as an organ of excretion, that is, it separates material of no further use to the body.
The change is so gradual, and the renewal of that which is lost may be so exact, that no difference can be noticed except at long intervals of time. The entire series of chemical changes that take place in the living body, beginning with assimilation and ending with excretion, is included in one word, metabolism.
That of maintaining in the body a nutrient fluid for the cells. That of bringing the body into such relations with its surroundings as will enable it to secure materials for the nutrient fluid and satisfy its other needs. The first problem is internal and includes the so-called vital processes, known as digestion, circulation, respiration, and excretion.
In opposition to the old writers who were inclined to regard the semen as an excretion which it was beneficial to expel, there were other ancient authorities who argued that it was beneficial to retain it as being a vital fluid which, if reabsorbed, served to invigorate the body.
The elimination of these products is brought about by a special apparatus called organs of excretion. The worn-out substances themselves are called excretions, as opposed to secretions, which are elaborated for use in the body. By the skin the body gets rid of a small portion of salts, a little carbon dioxid, and a large amount of water in the form of perspiration.
In the study of the first problem we have reached the general conclusion that the secondary phenomena of life are readily explained by the application of physical and chemical forces acting in the living machine. These secondary phenomena include such processes as the digestion and absorption of food, circulation, respiration, excretion, bodily motion, etc.
Pure blood depends upon the perfect and continuous excretion of the wastes formed in the body through the processes of life, and without keeping the blood pure in this manner the body rapidly becomes poisoned by its own waste products, with the result that health, vitality and even life are lost.
While the chief work of the liver is perhaps not that of excretion, its functions may here be summarized. The liver is, first of all, a manufacturing organ, producing, as we have seen, three distinct products—bile, glycogen, and urea.
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