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Updated: June 26, 2025
Evil has the same function in the world as the discords in a piece of music, or the shadows in a painting the beauty is heightened by the contrast. The good needs a foil in order to come out distinctly and to be felt in all its excellence. In the Leibnitzian theodicy the least satisfactory part is the justification of moral evil.
Side by side with ideas from Kant, Fichte, and Schelling we meet Platonic, Spinozistic, and Leibnitzian elements; even Jacobi and the Romanticists have contributed their mite. Schleiermacher is an eclectic, but one who, amid the fusion of the most diverse ideas, knows how to make his own individuality felt.
Most people have heard of the 'Harmonie Pré-établie' of Leibnitz; it is borrowed without acknowledgment from Spinoza, and adapted to the Leibnitzian philosophy. 'Man, says Leibnitz, 'is composed of mind and body; but what is mind and what is body, and what is the nature of their union?
He had followed the hem of Truth to the mocking horizon: he had in turn fanatically adopted every philosophical system Peripatetic, Spinozist, Leibnozist, Leibnitzian, Kantian and what did he know now he was going beyond the horizon? Nothing. He had won a place among the thinkers of Germany.
He was not fond of ladies even of ladies like Madame du Châtelet learned enough to translate Newton and to discuss by the hour the niceties of the Leibnitzian philosophy; and he had determined to posséder Voltaire either completely or not at all. Voltaire, in spite of repeated temptations, had remained faithful; but now, for the first time, poor Madame du Châtelet began to be seriously alarmed.
His imagination wanders between a wild sensuality, so lubricious in its suggestions, now and then, as to occasion gossip to the effect that he had become a libertine, and a sublimated philosophy based on Platonic conceptions of a prenatal existence, or upon Leibnitzian conceptions of a pre-established harmony.
One evening, while they were resting from their many tribulations, and eating various kinds of fruit and sweetmeats in their arbour on the Bosphorus, the eminent optimistic philosopher had pointed out at considerable length that the delectable moment they were enjoying was connected by a Leibnitzian chain of cause and effect with sundry other moments of a less obviously desirable character in the earlier part of their several lives.
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