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Part at least of this Tibetan Canon has been translated into Mongol. Renderings of various books into Uigur, Sogdian, Kuchanese, "Nordarisch" and other languages of Central Asia have been discovered by recent explorers. It is probable that they are all derived from the Sanskrit Canon and do not represent any independent tradition.
In the foregoing description, and in the traits of character, the empire and inhabitants of northern China are distinctly indicated. Forst. The empire of Tarsa is divided into three provinces, each of which has a sovereign who assumes the title of King. The inhabitants are called Jogur, the Jugur or Uigur of other authors.
Akad. der Wissenschaften, 1908. The Uigur text is published in Bibliotheca Buddhica, 1914. Mitra, Nepalese Buddhist Lit. pp. 90 ff. Ind. Lit. II. i. p. 242. Watanabe in J.R.A.S. 1911, 663 makes an equally definite statement as to the identity of the two works. Mitra, Nepalese Buddhist Lit. pp. 81 ff. See also Teitaro Suzuki, Outlines of Mahâyâna, p. 157.
The scene is laid at Râjagṛiha and many Brahmanic deities are among the interlocutors. It was translated into Chinese about 420 A.D. and fragments of a translation into Uigur have been discovered in Turkestan. The contents comprise philosophy, legends and spells. Gaṇḍa-vyûha or the Structure of the World, which is compared to a bubble.
In this supposition Rubruquis was certainly mistaken, as the Seres of the ancients appear to have lived in Turkestan, Gete, and Uigur, and to have then ruled over a great track of eastern central Asia, and may have extended their commerce to northern China.
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