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Updated: May 6, 2025
Second Edition, 1878, F. Windischmann, Zoroastr. Studien, 1863. Geldner, "Zoroaster," in Encyclopædia Britannica; "Zoroastrianism," in Encyclopædia Bibl. Mills, A Study of the Five Zarathustrian Gathas, 1892-94. Lehmann, in De la Saussaye. Dadhabai Naoroji, The Parsee Religion. On Mithraism, Dieterich Eine Mithras-liturgie. Cumont, The Mysteries of Mithra, 1903.
By way of illustration of this truth, the sages versed in ancient lore, recite these Gathas called by the name of Kamagita, do thou O Yudhishthira, listen to the recital of them in detail.
How shall I fight against that Drug who from the dead rushes upon the living? How shall I fight against that Nasu who from the dead defiles the living? Ahura Mazda answered: "Say aloud those words in the Gâthas that are to be said twice. Say aloud those words in the Gâthas that are to be said thrice. Say aloud those words in the Gâthas that are to be said four times.
How shall I fight against that Drug who from the dead defiles the living? Ahura Mazda answered: "Say aloud those words in the Gâthas that are to be said twice.
In the Gathas, which belong to a very remote era indeed, we seem to have the first beginnings of the Religion. We may indeed go back by their aid to a time anterior to themselves a time when the Arian race was not yet separated into two branches, and the Easterns and Westerns, the Indians and Iranians, had not yet adopted the conflicting creeds of Zoroastrianism and Brahminism.
He further got a transcript of the rules in six or seven thousand gathas, being the sarvastivadah rules, those which are observed by the communities of monks in the land of Ts'in; which also have all been handed down orally from master to master without being committed to writing.
In the Gathas, allowing for the theological and poetic form, everything is human and natural.
Rawlinson merely remarks that Berosus places him anterior to B.C. 2234. Haug is inclined to date the Gathas, the oldest songs of the Avesta, as early as the time of Moses. Rapp, after a thorough comparison of ancient writers, concludes that Zoroaster lived B.C. 1200 or 1300. In this he agrees with Duncker, who, as we have seen, decided upon the same date.
The Daevas and their followers are incapable of making a just choice between the good and the evil; they have surrendered themselves from the outset to the "Worst Mind," the demon of fury, and to all evil works. On the one side is Ahura, the only god worshipped by name in the Gathas.
The language of Asoka's inscriptions in the third century B.C. is a parallel dialect, but only half stereotyped. The language of the Mahâvastu and some Mahayanist texts, often called the language of the Gâthâs, seems to be another vernacular brought more or less into conformity with Sanskrit.
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