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Updated: May 15, 2025
We are thus led, sometimes to an "epiphenomenalism" that associates consciousness with certain particular vibrations and puts it here and there in the world in a sporadic state, and sometimes to a "monism" that scatters consciousness into as many tiny grains as there are atoms; but, in either case, it is to an incomplete Spinozism or to an incomplete Leibnizianism that we come back.
It contends that the important happenings are the brain-changes which are causally connected and that our thoughts, or corresponding states of consciousness, merely accompany the brain-changes, just as the shadow of a horse may be said to accompany the horse. The objections of this doctrine are: For these and other reasons epiphenomenalism is today held by few, if any, philosophers. 3rd.
This doctrine contends that consciousness is merely matter, or energy, or matter in motion. It is not necessary to discuss this theory here, as it is not held today by any scientist of the first rank. 2nd. Epiphenomenalism. This doctrine found its foremost champion in Huxley.
Between this conception of nature and Cartesianism we find, moreover, intermediate historical stages. The medical philosophers of the eighteenth century, with their cramped Cartesianism, have had a great part in the genesis of the "epiphenomenalism" and "monism" of the present day. These doctrines are thus found to fall short of the Kantian criticism.
Shall we say then that the shape of the nail gives us the shape of the coat or in any way corresponds to it? The psychical and the physical are inter- dependent but not parallel. Bergson however has more to assert than merely the inadequacy and falsity of Parallelism or Epiphenomenalism. He further claims that this psychical life is wider and richer than we commonly suppose.
Bergson against Epiphenomenalism Soul-life unique and wider than the brain Telepathy, subconscious action and psychical research Souls and survival.
For the Realist it is the essence of reality to suppose that there are things behind representations. Some Realists maintain that the brain actually creates the representation, which is the doctrine of Epiphenomenalism: while others hold the view of the Occasionalists, and others posit one reality underlying both. All however agree in upholding Parallelism.
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