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Updated: May 21, 2025
Nothing remained to the Abbasids but Baghdad, a few neighbouring provinces, and Egypt. Under the Caliphs Muktadir, Kahir, and Rahdi, Egypt had an almost constant change of governors. One of them, Abu Bekr Muhammed, ultimately became the founder of a new dynasty, the Ikshidite, destined to rule over Egypt and Syria. Abu Bekr Muhammed was the son of Takadj, then governor of Damascus.
The prestige of the Ottomans was as great as that of the Khalifate in its most palmy days had been; and they would not be withheld from the assumption of the title. There is a doubtful tale of the abdication of the Abbasids in their favour, but the question is of no importance.
This narrow greed and absence of political insight seemed to be hereditary in the descendants of Ali and Fatima; for there was no lack of superstitious reverence for them in later times, and if one of them had possessed something of the political talent of the best Omayyads and Abbasids he would certainly have been able to supplant them.
Even after the destruction of Bagdad by the Mongols in 1258, from which only a few Abbasids escaped alive, Indian princes continued to value visits or deeds of appointment granted them by some begging descendant of the "Glorious House."
In other words since the accession of the Omayyad khalifs, the actual authority rested in the hands of dynasties, and under the Abbasids government assumed even a despotic character.
But the idea of hereditary rulers was deeply rooted in most of the peoples converted to Islam, and the glorious period of the first Abbasids so strongly impressed itself on the mind of the vulgar, that the appearance of continuation was easily taken for reality.
According to this view the later Abbasids were a sort of popes of Islam; while the temporal authority, in the central districts as well as in the subordinate kingdoms, was in the hands of various sultans.
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