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Updated: August 3, 2024
Hewn stones were imported from the "land of the Amorites," limestone and alabaster from the Lebanon, gold-dust and acacia-wood from the desert to the south of Palestine, copper from northern Arabia, and various sorts of wood from the Armenian mountains. Other trees came from Dilmun in the Persian Gulf, from Gozan in Mesopotamia, and from Gubin, which is possibly Gebal.
In the Gilgamesh Epic Ut-napishtim is settled by the gods at the mouth of the rivers, that is to say at the head of the Persian Gulf, while according to a possible rendering of the Sumerian Version he is made to dwell on Dilmun, an island in the Gulf itself.
An eclipse happening on the 15th day, the king of Dilmun is slain, and some one seizes the throne. An eclipse happening on the 16th day, the king is deposed and slain, and a worthless person seizes the throne. An eclipse happening on the 20th day, rains descend from heaven, and the canals are flooded. An eclipse happening on the 21st day, sorrow and despair in the land.
Possibly to be translated "mountain". The rendering of the proper name as that of Dilmun is very uncertain. For the probable identification of Dilmun with the island of Bahrein in the Persian Gulf, cf. Rawlinson, Journ. Roy. As. Soc., 1880, pp. 20 ff.; and see further, Meissner, Orient. Lit- Zeit., XX. No. 7, col. 201 ff.
For the third month, the tablet notes: In the month of Sivan, an eclipse happening on the 14th day, proceeding from east to west, beginning with the middle watch, and ending with the morning watch, the shadow being seen in the east the side of obscuration furnishes an omen for the king of Dilmun. The king of Dilmun is slain.
The similarity of the epithets bestowed in various texts upon Ea and Nabu point most decidedly to a similar starting-point for both; and since in a syllabary we find the god actually identified with a deity of Dilmun, probably one of the islands near Bahrein, there are grounds for assuming that a tradition survived among the schoolmen, which brought Nabu into some connection with the Persian Gulf.
The fact that Gilgamesh in the Epic has to cross the sea to reach Ut-napishtim may be cited in favour of the reading "Dilmun"; and the description of the sea as "the Waters of Death", if it implies more than the great danger of their passage, was probably a later development associated with Ut-napishtim's immortality.
Ziusudu, the king, prostrates himself before Anu and Enlil, who bestow immortality upon him and cause him to dwell in a land, or mountain, the name of which may perhaps be read as Dilmun.
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