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Updated: May 19, 2025
The pageant of metropolitan civilization and magnificence never presented itself to provincial eyes. Much has already been said on the subject of land tenure; but as this problem is responsible for some cardinal phases of Japanese history, a brief resume will be useful here. There were four chief causes for the existence of shoen, or manors. The first was reclamation.
The Fujiwara shoen were conspicuous. Michinaga possessed wide manors everywhere, and Yorimichi, his son, was not less insatiable. Neither Go-Shujaku nor Go-Reizei could check the abuse. But Go-Sanjo resorted to a really practical measure.
This was especially the case on the shoen of the puissant families of Taira and Minamoto. Subsequently, when the Minamoto crushed the Taira , the whole of the latter's estates were distributed by the former among the nobles who had fought under the Minamoto standard.
There they drug the wine with simples, and the women may pox fall on all women perfume themselves so that a man goeth stark raving. I warrant he had silver buttons to his Lincoln green, but they be torn off. I warrant he had gold buckles to his shoen, but they be gone. His sword is away, the leather hangers being cut. 'Wilt not stick him with thy pike, having, as he hath, so mishandled thee?
In vain was the ownership of lands by powerful nobles interdicted, and in vain its purchase by provincial governors: the metropolis had no power to enforce its vetoes in the provinces, and the provincials ignored them. Thus the shoen grew in number and extent.
He established a legislative office where all titles to shoen had to be examined and recorded, the Daiho system of State ownership being restored, so that all rights of private property required official sanction, the Court also becoming the judge in all disputes as to validity of tenure. These orders came like a clap of thunder in a blue sky. Yorimichi, the kwampaku, was a conspicuous example.
Owned by powerful nobles or influential families, the shoen were largely cultivated by forced labour, and as in many cases it paid the farmers better to rent such land; and thus escape all fiscal obligations, than to till their own fields, the latter were deserted pan passu with the development of the manor system, and thus the State revenues suffered dual reduction.
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