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But it is not an invention of theirs or their time. Vol. Above all, however, we have to keep in mind that the tempo rubato is a genus which comprehends numerous species. In short, the tempo rubato of Chopin is not that of Liszt, that of Liszt is not that of Henselt, and so on. As for the general definitions we find in dictionaries, they can afford us no particular enlightenment.

I have used the studies of Czerny, Liszt, Henselt and Clementi to develop brilliancy with pupils. It should be remembered that the root of all brilliant playing lies in one thing accuracy. Without accuracy any attempt at brilliancy must result in "mussiness." It is impossible to explain these things by means of books and theories.

Kessler, Op. 20, and the Moszkowski studies, Op. 72, have splendid material for the advanced player, and prepare for Henselt, Rubinstein, Chopin and Liszt études. I find that studies are valuable for application of technical principles, for reacting purposes, and for the cultivation of all the refinements of playing.

Of course no practice was needed for the wretched music we poor devils howled once a week, but I gained one afternoon in seven for study by my ruse. "Oh, the joy of feeling the ivory or bone under my expectant fingers! I played all the Chopin, Henselt, and Liszt études on the miserable keyboard of the organ. Yes, of course, without wind. It was, I assure you, a truly spiritual consolation.