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In its wealth of light C was dazzling; D3 and the green and blue hydrogen rays shone somewhat less vividly; D and the group b showed faintly dark; while three broad absorption-bands, sharply terminated towards the red, diffuse towards the violet, shaded the spectrum near its opposite extremities.

After the completion of his new astrophysical observatory at Herény in the autumn of 1881, he repeatedly observed the spectra of both stars without perceiving a trace of bright lines; and was thus taken quite by surprise when he caught a twinkling of the crimson C in Gamma Cassiopeiæ, August 13, 1883. A few days later, the whole range including D3 was lustrous.

Two additional hydrogen lines, making six in all, were photographed at Tulse Hill, from the Orion nebula, in 1890; and Dr. Copeland's detection in 1886 of the yellow ray D3 gave the first hint of the presence of helium in this prodigious formation. Nor are there wanting spectroscopic indications of its physical connection with the stars visually involved in it.

Let the weight on each of the masses be doubled, and the shafts doubled in area, then we shall have such arrangements as those at c, c2, c3; and if again the shafts and weight be doubled, we shall have d, d2, d3.

Several bright lines, persistently seen at the edge of the sun, and early suspected by Young to emanate from the same source as D3, were now derived from helium in the laboratory; and all the complex emissions of that exotic substance ranged themselves into six sets or series, the members of which are mutually connected by numerical relations of a definite and simple kind.