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Updated: May 12, 2025
Generally, then, the distinction between 'self-regarding' and 'extra-regarding' conduct is quite relevant, so far as it calls attention to the condition of the probable efficacy of the means at our disposal. But it is quite irrelevant in a definition of the end.
In many cases the beneficial quality of an act depends upon the disposition of the agent, or the possession by him of the extra-regarding motives sympathy, amity, and reputation; whereas political action can work only through the self-regarding motives. In a word these duties must be free or voluntary.
Now if we take public opinion, Mill admits, though he disputes the inference from the admission, that a man must suffer the 'inconveniences strictly inseparable from the unfavourable opinion of others. But men are units, not bundles of distinct qualities, some self-regarding, and others 'extra-regarding. Everyone has the strongest interest in the character of everyone else.
The pains of expectation. 12. The pains dependent on association. We need not quote his detailed subdivision and illustration of these. At the close, he marks the important difference between self-regarding and extra-regarding; the last being those of benevolence and of malevolence. Health. 2. Strength. 3. Hardiness. 4. Bodily imperfection. 5. Quantity and Quality of knowledge. 6.
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