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Espinas published his most remarkable work, Les Societes animales, in 1877, and in that work he pointed out the importance of animal societies, and their bearing upon the preservation of species, and entered upon a most valuable discussion of the origin of societies. In fact, Espinas's book contains all that has been written since upon mutual aid, and many good things besides.

"On ne s'associe pas pour mourir," was the sound remark of Espinas; and Houzeau, who knew the animal world of some parts of America when it was not yet affected by man, wrote to the same effect.

This treatise laid the foundations of monetary science, which are now accepted by all sound economists. 'Oresme's completely secular and naturalistic method of treating one of the most important problems of political economy, says Espinas, 'is a signal of the approaching end of the Middle Ages and the dawn of the Renaissance. Dr.

Thomas Aquinas, says Ingram, 'the economic doctrines of Aristotle reproduced with a partial infusion of Christian elements. Espinas thinks that the influence of Aristotle in this respect has been exaggerated.

Daniel Bic and Jean Cabdié, liberated in 1764, for attending religious meetings. Both were condemned for life, and had been at the galley-chain for ten years. Jean Pierre Espinas, an attorney, of St.

It lends itself equally to methods that degrade or ennoble existing words, but with a very marked preference for the worse or degrading meanings. Ample information on this point will be found in the work of Espinas, Les Origines de la Technologie.