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Some of the earlier writers of modern times on the subject of vulcanicity such as Sir Humphrey Davy and Leopold von Buch maintained that the conical form was due to upheaval by a force acting from below at a central focus, whereby the materials of which the mountain is formed were forced to assume a quâ-quâ versal position that is, a position in which the materials dip away from the central focus in every direction.

What is very remarkable about the structure of this valley is that the beds exhibit "the quâ-quâ versal dip" in other words, they dip away on all sides from the centre which has led to the conclusion that in the centre is a focus of eruption which had become closed up antecedently to the formation of the valley itself.

With night came new voices the hideous voices of the nocturnal swamp; the qua-qua of the night-heron, the screech of the swamp-owl, the cry of the bittern, the cl-l-uk of the great water-toad, the tinkling of the bell-frog, and the chirp of the savanna-cricket all fell upon my ear.

At first I laughed I even liked it but when the froglike eyes stared at me every day I was seized with horror. I was afraid they might start to quack qua-qua!" Indeed there was a certain fear, even madness, in the eyes of the artist the madness which shortly led him to his untimely grave. "Old man, it is necessary to have something beautiful. Do you understand me?" "And the wife of the Warden?