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After the great conquests, the governors of provinces of the Moslim Empire, who often exercised a despotic power, were called by the same title of 'amils. The agents of Mohammed, however, did not possess such unlimited authority.
In the orthodox expectation of the Mahdi the Moslim theory has most sharply expressed its condemnation of the later political history of Islam. But just as beside this legislative agreement, a dogmatic and a mystic agreement grew up, in the same way there was a separate Ijma' regarding the political government, upon which the canonists could exercise only an indirect influence.
Here lay the great difficulty when the nineteenth and twentieth centuries placed the Moslim world face to face with a civilization that had sprung up outside its borders and without its collaboration, that was from a spiritual point of view by far its superior and at the same time possessed of sufficient material power to thrust the Mohammedans aside wherever they seemed to be an impediment in its way.
Among the many objections that may be raised against Prof. Certainly, the nations conquered by the Arabs under the first khalifs were not obliged to choose between living as Moslims or dying as unbelievers. The conquerors treated them as Mohammed had treated Jews and Christians in Arabia towards the end of his life, and only exacted from them submission to Moslim authority.
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