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Updated: May 18, 2025
A polyvalent serum, that is, one derived from an animal which has been immunised by numerous strains of the organism derived from various sources, is much more efficacious than when a single strain has been used.
The old notion as to "mithridatism" was that an animal or a man would have to be separately prepared and "immunised" by habituation for every distinct kind of poison. We now know that this is not the usual way in which Nature confers immunity to poisons.
"They are," says Sir Joseph Fayrer, "absolutely without any specific effect on the condition produced by the poison." But "anti-venene," as Dr. Fraser calls his immunised blood-serum, follows the poison into the system, even after the fatal symptoms have begun to show themselves, and arrests them at once.
These are known as opsonins or alexins, and they act on the bacteria by a process comparable to narcotisation, and render them an easy prey for the phagocytes. Artificial or Passive Immunity. A form of immunity can be induced by the introduction of protective substances obtained from an animal which has been actively immunised. The most important of these antibodies are the antitoxins.
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