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Updated: May 22, 2025
These are generally developed in one sex and rudimentary in the other. Thus the spermaducts are formed from the Wolffian ducts in the male, whereas in the female we have merely rudimentary traces of them in Gaertner's canals. Again, the male has in his nipples and mammary glands the rudiments of organs that are usually active only in the female.
The origin of the Mullerian duct is still obscure; comparative anatomy and ontogeny seem to indicate that it originates by differentiation from the Wolffian duct. Both open behind into the cloaca. However uncertain the origin of the nephroduct and its two products, the Mullerian and the Wolffian ducts, may be, its later development is clear enough.
In all the Gnathostomes the Wolffian duct is converted into the spermaduct, and the Mullerian duct into the oviduct. Only one of them is retained in each sex; the other either disappears altogether, or only leaves relics in the shape of rudimentary organs.
After a demand for the union of Leibnitz and Locke, of rationalism and empiricism, had been raised within the Wolffian school itself, and still more directly in the camp of its opponents, under the increasing influence of the empirical philosophy of England, eclecticism in the spirit of Thomasius took full possession of the stage in the Illumination period.
The Wolffian, Eberhard of Halle, founded a special journal for the purpose of opposing the Kantian philosophy: the Philosophisches Magazin, 1789, continued from 1792 as the Philosophisches Archiv. The Illumination collected its forces in the Philosophische Bibliothek, edited by Feder and Meiners.
The primitive or primordial kidneys of the amniote embryo were formerly called the "Wolffian bodies," and sometimes "Oken's bodies." They act for a time as kidneys, absorbing unusable juices from the embryonic body and conducting them to the cloaca afterwards to the allantois.
In all the Gnathostomes or all the Vertebrates from the fishes up to man a second similar canal develops beside the nephroduct at an early stage of embryonic evolution. The latter is usually called the Mullerian duct, after its discoverer, Johannes Muller, while the former is called the Wolffian duct.
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