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Updated: October 18, 2026
Such documents were called Kumi-cho or "Kumi*-enactments": they established the rules of conduct to be observed by all the members of a village-community, and their social interest is very great. By personal inquiry I have learned that in various parts of the country, rules much like those recorded in the Kumi-cho, are still enforced by village custom.
Any one wilfully refraining, shall, on investigation, be punished." From these same Kumi-cho, it appears that no one could leave his village even for a single night, without permission, or take service elsewhere, or marry in another province, or settle in another place.
The documents regulating the life of village-folk do not contain any indication of the severity of legal discipline: the Kumi-cho declarations that such and such conduct "shall be punished" suggest nothing terrible to the reader who has not made himself familiar with the ancient codes.