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This is the advanced stage of geographical study, which is now being reached in many parts of Africa. It was Livingstone's task, in 1859, to inform us that there was a great Lake Nyassa. It was Rhoades's task, in 1897-1901, to make a careful and accurate survey of its coast-lines, and to sound its depths, so that we now have an excellent idea of the conformation of the lake bottom.

The best brief account of the acquisition of the canal strip is in Latane; Theodore Roosevelt's story is in his Autobiography and his Addresses and Presidential Messages. The Presidents and Secretaries of State during this period were as follows: McKinley, 1897-1901; John Sherman, William R. Day, John Hay. Roosevelt, 1901-1909; John Hay, Elihu Root, Robert Bacon. Taft, 1909-1913; P.C. Knox.

By comparing the necessary expenditure on food of a workman's family of the same size and living under the same conditions, it appears that if we take that expenditure for the period 1897-1901 to represent the number 100 we have these results:

+ + + + | Period. | Germany. | United Kingdom. | + + + + | 1877-1881 | 112 | 140 | | 1882-1886 | 101 | 125 | | 1887-1891 | 103 | 106 | | 1892-1896 | 99 | 98 | | 1897-1901 | 100 | 100 | + + + + Thus the fall in the cost of living of a British working man's family has been 40 points, while that of the German working man shows a decline of only 12 points.