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Updated: May 4, 2025


Alexander makes Tyre his rendezvous. Festivities. Alexander prepares to march east. The captive queens. Alexander's treatment of the queens. Death of Statira. Agony of Sysigambis. Grief of Darius. Alexander crosses the Euphrates. Darius crosses the Tigris. Alexander reaches the Tigris. He crosses the river. Fording the river. The passage effected. Plan of Darius. The plain of Arbela. The caltrop.

As a set-off, however, against those advantages, the spongy feet of the camel were found to be more readily injured by the tribulus, or caltrop, than the harder feet of the horse, and the corps was thus more easily disabled than an equal force of cavalry, if it could be tempted to pass over ground on which caltrops had been previously scattered.

Such is the bastion of the child grub, an excellent system of defense, with its continuous pile of spikes, but difficult to steer through the tangle of aquatic plants. Sooner or later, the worm forsakes this kind of caltrop which catches on to everything.

Hundreds of pikes, it was said, were already forged, and specimens were freely exhibited of formidable weapons known to military men by the name of "Caltrop" or "Calthorp," intended to impede the passage of cavalry. They consisted of four spikes of pointed iron, about four inches long, radiating from a common centre in such a manner that, however thrown, one spike would be uppermost.

The lofty tower facing the east, she designated "the variegated and flowery Hall;" bestowing on the line of buildings, facing the west, the appellation of "the Hall of Occult Fragrance;" and besides these figured such further names as: "the Hall of peppery wind," "the Arbour of lotus fragrance," "the Islet of purple caltrop," "the Bank of golden lotus," and the like.

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