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Yarrel, W., on the habits of the Cyprinidae; on Raia clavata; on the characters of the male salmon during the breeding season; on the characters of the rays; on the gemmeous dragonet; on colours of salmon; on the spawning of the salmon; on the incubation of the Lophobranchii; on rivalry in song-birds; on the trachea of the swan; on the moulting of the Anatidae; on the young of the waders.

They are only temporarily developed during the breeding-season; and Dr. Gunther suspects that they are brought into action as prehensile organs by the doubling inwards and downwards of the two sides of the body. It is a remarkable fact that the females and not the males of some species, as of Raia clavata, have their backs studded with large hook-formed spines.

It is doubtful if there is any marked breeding season in these fishes, but it is probable that the spines are absent in the immature male, as it is known that in Raia clavata the adult male has sharp pointed teeth, while the young male and the female at all ages have broad flat teeth.

Rage, manifested by animals. Raia batis, teeth of. Raia clavata, female spined on the back; sexual difference in the teeth of. Raia maculata, teeth of. Rails, spur-winged. Ram, mode of fighting of the; African, mane of an; fat-tailed. Rameses II., features of. Ramsay, Mr., on the Australian musk-duck; on the regent-bird; on the incubation of Menura superba. Rana esculenta, vocal sacs of.