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Nusbaum also finds two causes of war, the expansion impulse and the egoism of species, which leads to long enmities. History shows that we must accept hatred as an underlying cause of war. The reaction of deep anger which may be aroused by a variety of situations that arise among nations, especially when it is, so to speak, an outbreak of a long continued hatred, is a proximate cause of wars.
Treitschke, Schmitz , Scheler , Nusbaum , Arndt, Steinmetz, Lasson, Engelbrecht, Schoonmaker, all sing the praises of war as the most glorious work of man, or as performing for civilization some noble good. Even Hegel said that wars invigorate humanity just as the storm preserves the sea from putrescence. But this praise of war, we say, is by no means exclusively German.
Some writers express this very view, calling war an expression of an instinct or of several instincts; others find different or more complex beginnings of war. Nusbaum says that both offense and defense are based upon an expansion impulse. Nicolai sees the beginning of war in individual predatory acts, involving violence and the need of defense.
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