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Updated: June 16, 2025
The first were farmers, descendants perhaps of the earliest Mongol invaders, and were permitted to hold their own lands independently of the central government: they were lords of their own soil, but not nobles. The tomonotsuko were artizans, probably of Korean or Chinese descent, for the most part, and numbered no less than 180 clans.
Aston's Nihongi, Vol. As yet it is difficult to establish any clear distinction between the freedmen and the freemen of ancient Japanese society; but we know that the free population, ranking below the ruling class, consisted of two great divisions: the kunitsuko and the tomonotsuko.
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