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The history of Japanese politics from 1853 to 1868 is the history of the struggle between these two parties, each of which soon changed its name. As the Jo-i party allied itself with the court of Kioto, it became the O-sei or Restoration party. As the Kai-Koku party was associated with the court of Shogun, it became the Bakufu party. The struggle ended in the triumph of the Restoration party.
But by that time the Jo-i party, from a cause which I shall soon mention, had been completely transformed and converted to the Western ideas. Among the leaders of the Jo-i party was Nariaki, the old prince of Mito. He was connected by marriage with the families of the Emperor and the highest Kuges in Miako, and with the wealthiest Daimios.
At the heels of the Americans followed the English, French, Russians, Dutch, and other nations. Japan's foreign relations became more and more complicated and therefore difficult to manage. The discussion quoted above is a type of the arguments used by the Jo-i party and the Kai-Koku party.
Thus was the country early divided into two clearly defined parties, the Jo-i party and the Kai-Koku party. Meanwhile, the autumn and winter of 1853 passed. The spring of 1854 soon came, and with it the intractable "barbarians."
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