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While we dismiss as political myths the Confucianist stories representing Yao and Shun as models of virtuous rulers, it may be that a small state existed in south-western Shansi under a chieftain Yao, and farther to the east another small state under a chieftain Shun, and that these states warred against each other until Yao's state was destroyed.
Liu Ts'ung did not possess the indisputable charisma of his predecessor Liu Yüan; and the Huns looked with contempt on his court splendour, which could only have been justified if he had conquered all China. Many tribes then went over to Shih Lo, and the remainder of Liu Yao's empire was reduced to a precarious existence. In 329 the whole of it was annexed by Shih Lo.
Grandly lofty are the mountains, With their large masses reaching to the heavens. Shan was a small marquisate, a part of what is the present department of Nan-yang, Ho-nan. Fu, which was also called Lue, was another small territory, not far from Shan. The character for mountains' in lines 1 and 3 is the same that occurs in the title of Yao's minister.