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Updated: May 7, 2025
The underclays are found beneath every bed of coal. "Warrant," "spavin," and "gannister" are local names which are sometimes applied to it, the last being a term used when the clay contains such a large proportion of silicious matter as to become almost like a hard flinty rock.
Sometimes they are soft clay; sometimes clay mixed with a certain portion of sand; and sometimes they contain such a large proportion of silicious matters that they become hard, flinty rock, which many of you know under the name of gannister. But all underclays agree in two points: they are all unstratified.
Reddish and purple sandstones, red and grey clays and shales, thin bands of coal, ironstone and limestone, with spirorbis and fish. Middle coal-measures. Yellow and gray sandstones, blue and black clays and shales, bands of coal and ironstone, fossil plants, bivalves and fish, occasional marine bands. MIDDLE CARBONIFEROUS. Gannister beds or Lower coal-measures. Millstone grit.
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