co-belligerents

Updated: July 28, 2025

But in their case the question arises more acutely how far Germany can be made contingently liable for damage done, not by herself, but by her co-belligerents, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. On a strict and literal interpretation, I doubt if claims lie against Germany for damage done, e.g. by the Turks to the Suez Canal, or by Austrian submarines in the Adriatic.

John Maynard Keynes - The Economic Consequences of the Peace