32-31

Updated: July 15, 2025

At the outset he acted with energy and caused his antagonist the gravest anxiety. It was clear also that Antony intended to take the offensive. He established winter quarters at Patras, on the Gulf of Corinth, during the winter of 32-31 B.C., billeting his army in various towns on the west coast of Greece, and keeping it supplied by grain ships from Alexandria.

William Oliver Stevens - A History of Sea Power

All these advantages he allowed to slip away. During the winter of 32-31 one-third of Antony's crews perished from lack of proper supplies and the gaps were filled by slaves, mule-drivers, and plowmen any one whom his captains could seize and impress from the surrounding country.

William Oliver Stevens - A History of Sea Power