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As M. Chailley remarks in his admirable study of these problems, "the agricultural debtor had now two securities to offer." He had always been able to pledge his harvest, and now he could pledge also his land.
And the French publicist Chailley wrote of India: "There will be a series of economic revolutions, which must necessarily produce suffering and struggle."
Vambéry, La Turquie d'aujourd'hui et d'avant Quarante Ans, p. 32. Cooper, op. cit., pp. 48-49. On this point of comfort v. luxury, see especially Sir Bampfylde Fuller, "East and West: A Study of Differences," Nineteenth Century and After, November, 1911. L. Bertrand, op. cit., 145-147; J. Chailley, Administrative Problems of British India, pp. 138-139.
Says the French writer Chailley, an authoritative student of Indian problems: "For the last half-century large fractions of the agricultural classes are being entirely despoiled of their lands or reduced to onerous tenancies. On the other hand, new classes are rising and taking their place.... Both ryots and zamindars are involved. The old-type nobility has not advanced with the times.
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