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Haedo, Marmol, and Hājji Khalīfa all give him this title, though his beard was auburn, while Urūj was the true "Red-Beard." Neither of the brothers was ever called Barbarossa by Turks or Moors, and Hājji Khalīfa records the title merely as used by Europeans. The popular usage is here adopted. Morgan, 264-6. Jurien de la Gravière, Doria et Barberousse, Pt. I., ch. xxi.

J'ignore absolument le nom de l'auteur; mais le style elegant, la precision des informations et quelques details d'opinion que je ne partage pas m'avaient fait supposer que nous devions attribuer a Jurien de la Graviere le travail en question. En tous cas, quelque soit l'auteur, je demande a tous mes amis de lui renvoyer le merite et la responsabilite qui lui appartiennent.

This mistake became apparent when, on January 9, 1862, the French, under Admiral Jurien de la Graviere, and the English, under Admiral Milnes, arrived at Vera Cruz and found the Spanish division, under General Prim and Admiral Tubalco, already landed.* The conduct of their joint mission must now be determined.

Works of John Adams, vol. viii. p. 290. Washington's Correspondence, 1787, edited by W.C. Ford, vol. viii. pp. 159, 160, 254. Report of the Committee of the Privy Council, Jan. 28, 1791, p. 20. Chalmers, Opinions, p. 32. Jurien de la Gravière, Guerres Maritimes, Paris, 1847, vol. ii. p. 238. Canada, Newfoundland, Bermuda, etc. American State Papers, Foreign Relations, vol. i. p. 303. p. 288.

"For much less than this," says Admiral Jurien de la Gravière, "the English shot Admiral Byng in 1756."

Hardly less valuable is Adm. Jurien de la Gravière's Les Derniers Jours de la Marine

In the words of Admiral Jurien de la Gravière, 'The ships of the United States constantly fought with the chances in their favour. All this is indisputable. Nevertheless we ought to see to it that in any future war our sea-power, great as it may be, does not receive shocks like those that it unquestionably did receive in 1812.

Jurien de la Gravière, Les Chevaliers de Malte et la Marine de Philippe II., ii. 71. The failure of the siege of Malta was a sensible rebuff, yet it cannot be said that it seriously injured the renown of the Turks in the Mediterranean. They had been resisted on land; they had not yet been beaten at sea.

We were mistaken. The Tunis business is a robbery aggravated by murder." The "Algerian business" was of a similar character. Qui commence bien finit bien, assumes Admiral Jurien de la Gravière in his chapter entitled "Gallia Victrix."

So says Jean Chesneau, French secretary at Constantinople in 1543. See Jurien de la Gravière, Les Corsaires Barbaresques, 13. The dwellers on the coasts of Italy soon discovered the new spirit in the Turkish fleet; they had now to dread Corsairs on both hands, east as well as west.