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In the twelfth century the cities Zuerich, Basel, Berne, and Freiburg began to be centers of trade, and gained municipal privileges. The three mountain cantons Uri, Schweitz, and Unterwalden cherished the spirit of freedom. The counts of Hapsburg, after the beginning of the thirteenth century, exercised a certain indefinite jurisdiction in the land.
The latter, which were succinctly expressed in sixty-seven Theses published at Zuerich in 1523, insisted more firmly than the former on the supreme authority of Scripture, and broke more thoroughly and radically with the traditions of the Catholic Church.
In Switzerland, Bodmer essayed a more republican form of the same authority. At that time a traveller reports eight hundred authors in Zuerich alone! Young aspirant for lettered fame, in imagination clear away the lichens from their forgotten headstones, and read humbly the "As I am, so thou must be," on all!
A. Schmid, of Zuerich, and which, according to Engineering, is now considerably used on the Continent, not only for measuring water, but the sirup in sugar factories, in breweries, etc. It consists of a cast iron body containing two gun-metal-lined cylinders, and connected by an intermediate chamber.
The Austrians were completely defeated at Morgarten, "the Marathon of Switzerland" . The Swiss Confederacy was enlarged by the addition of Lucerne , Zuerich and Glarus , Zug , and of the city of Berne in 1353. The battle of Sempach brought another great defeat upon the Austrians.
The book is divided into two parts; the first is a dialogue de Nobilitate et Rusticitate, and the second is a treatise against the mendicant friars, monks, Beghards, and Beguines. The town of Zuerich was very indignant at this bold attack, and deprived the poor author of his benefices and of his liberty.
Pappstein, R. Steiner, A. Haese; but stay, I came very near forgetting the great pillar, Dodel of Zuerich. But where is there mention of the professional colleagues of Haeckel whose testimonies could be taken seriously? Under the heading "Literary Humbug," which evidently has reference to the contents of his own work, Schmidt then meets numerous objections.
We have already noticed how Switzerland, except for the five forest cantons, had been converted to Protestantism by the preaching of Zwingli. Calvin was Zwingli's real theological successor, and the majority of the Swiss, especially those in the urban cantons of Zuerich and Bern as well as of Geneva, cheerfully accepted Calvinism. Calvinism also made converts in France.
Some of his hearers began to put his teachings into practice: church edifices were profaned, statues demolished, windows smashed, and relics burned. Zwingli himself took a wife. In 1523 a papal appeal to Zuerich to abandon Zwingli was answered by the canton's formal declaration of independence from the Catholic Church.
Then he was led on to attack all manner of abuses in ecclesiastical organization, but it was not until he was installed in 1518 as preacher in the great cathedral at Zuerich that he clearly denied papal supremacy and proceeded to proclaim the Scriptures as the sole guide of faith and morals. He preached against fasting, the veneration of saints, and the celibacy of the clergy.
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